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IBOC Questions Remain Unanswered
A Number of Issues Need Closure Before IBOC Can Really Shine
by Skip Pizzi
Let's conclude our recent look at the next
steps for IBOC with consideration of a few unsettled areas: datacasting,
transition beyond the Hybrid mode, IBOC surround and content protection.
When the NRSC-5 standard for IBOC was delivered to the FCC last
May, it did not include much about datacasting for digital radio.
The NRSC communicated that it hoped to have an addendum to NRSC-5
soon that would cover data transmission in IBOC. Since then, the
NRSC has produced a revised version of the IBOC standard, called
NRSC-5-A, which does include datacasting elements. At press time
NRSC-5-A was expected to be delivered to FCC sometime in October
2005, following final approval by NRSC.
It is therefore possible that the FCC's next Report & Order on
digital radio will include rules covering IBOC datacasting, which
may help to launch that marketplace. It remains to be seen whether
there will be much business in this space, however, particularly
given the broad competition for wireless data delivery, and the
fact that it is not considered core business by most broadcasters.
Promoting uniformity
If IBOC datacasting is to become a robust market, the most credible
scenario might involve third parties with direct interest in point-to-multipoint
data delivery, who would partner with broadcasters as delivery agents.
Nevertheless, the existence of standards and regulations on IBOC
datacasting may help seed such a market by providing a stable foundation
for it.
Perhaps the thorniest issue here is how to strike a balance between
openness and uniformity in this market, and whether the FCC or some
other entity will play a role in this. To promote uniformity, Ibiquity
Digital has proposed a number of components and features that it
would develop and control. Others have commented that this could
provide the possibility for dominance of a fledgling market by Ibiquity,
and thus potentially allow an unfair level of control vested in
a single commercial entity. While this might be inconsequential
in the early going, it could be difficult to resolve if the market
later became successful.
Without some coordination, however, all data types will remain
more or less proprietary, leaving radio datacasting essentially
where it is today with FM subcarriers. Although there will likely
remain some market for delivery of proprietary data services in
the IBOC context, if non-program associated data delivery is ever
to become a mass-market enterprise, there will need to be some coordination
and standardization of content. The datacasting components added
to NRSC-5-A only deal with specification of datacasting transport,
not content. While standardized transport is an essential enabling
element to stimulation of an IBOC datacasting market, establishment
of a uniform content architecture remains an important, open issue.
Beyond hybrid IBOC
One of the most forward-looking elements of the HD Radio system
is its ability to transition from Hybrid Mode, in which analog and
digital signals share the AM or FM broadcast channel, to All-Digital
mode in which the analog service is removed, and only digital services
occupy the broadcast channel.
In the case of FM, an intermediate stage called Extended Hybrid
also exists, in which a broadcaster can increase the digital payload
delivered from the 96 kbps available in Hybrid Mode up to nearly
150 kbps. The additional data, which can be appended in 12, 25 or
50 kbps increments, can be delivered with varying robustness and
latency. It is generally assumed to be assigned to additional service(s),
rather than to extending the main service for higher-bandwidth delivery.
Extended Hybrid services might affect reception of an FM channel's
existing analog subcarrier ("SCA") services, so broadcasters may
need to make some decisions, but will that unilateral process be
the only consideration? If existing services are terminated, will
some FCC permission or notification be required? Of course, the
same question applies - with much broader impact - to a broadcaster's
move to the All-Digital mode, for either AM or FM.
Surround sound
The subject of moving beyond stereo on digital radio has been
well covered on these pages of late, but there are still some standards
and regulatory issues to be worked out here, as well. For one, if
multiple surround systems coexist, will there be a format identifier
transmitted to allow optimal decoding in the receiver? If so, who
will manage the registry of such identifiers?
Further, if surround content is only broadcast on a station's
digital signal, with a stereo version remaining on the analog during
the Hybrid period, does this run afoul of the FCC's existing rules
that an IBOC service's main program audio should be the same as
its analog service? This is more than just a difference in processing
or audio format, since the two services may actually be airing different
mixes originating from separate audio recordings.
Content protection
Perhaps most controversial is the issue of content protection
for digital radio signals. If and when any content protection is
applied to digital radio, it will almost certainly involve some
regulatory action. The recent overturning of the FCC's Broadcast
Flag rules for digital television, and the remaining uncertainty
on their ultimate fate, render any similar action for digital radio
unlikely to happen anytime soon, however. So it is possible that
the next digital radio R&O issued by the FCC will resolve all the
issues listed here except for content protection, which it will
leave to a subsequent ruling.
Of course, most of the driving force behind enacting digital radio
content protection comes from the music industry, which is concerned
with any further erosion of its business through uncompensated digital
distribution of its content. Yet there are other applications for
such protection that might provide benefit for broadcasters or consumers
instead.
Consider subscription radio via IBOC supplemental program service
or datacasting. This would require some form of conditional access,
and if there were a standardized system for this in place - or at
least a standard framework for use with a variety of proprietary
algorithms - the process of launching the terrestrial subscription
radio business would be greatly simplified. Similarly, the downloading
of premium content (e.g., music files) via IBOC datacasting would
require protection by a digital rights management (the "other" DRM)
system, and this, too would likely require regulatory intervention
to establish.
Finally, don't forget about what the FCC calls "assisted living"
services, such as radio reading services for vision-impaired listeners.
Today these services are offered for free to qualified consumers,
and the services themselves enjoy free access to copyrighted content,
such as the newspapers, magazines and books that they read on the
air.
The services can do this legitimately due to special status that
exempts them from copyright rules, which would normally preclude
them from legally reading this amount of content directly from such
publications without license to do so. But the basis for this exemption
is the fact that the reading services are inherently limited in
their broadcast scope to only those listeners equipped with specialized
subcarrier receivers, which are not generally available in retail
outlets. As noted above, ideally the IBOC datacasting world can
advance beyond such a balkanized subcarrier milieu into a standardized
environment where service quality and equipment costs benefit from
digital economies of scale. But if these reading services simply
become another standard supplemental service available to all listeners
at the flick of a switch, they risk losing their copyright exemption.
Thus some form of conditional access or other copy protection scheme
may be required, even for a free service.
As the HD Radio train lurches from the station, it's important
to observe the activity that's still taking place back on the platform
- and there's still plenty of it. Watch this space for continuing
updates.
Skip Pizzi is contributing editor of Radio World.
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